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<P><IMG SRC="../../../boost.png" NAME="Grafik1" ALT="C++ Boost" ALIGN=BOTTOM WIDTH=277 HEIGHT=86 BORDER=0>
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<H1><A NAME="sec:boykov_kolmogorov_max_flow"></A><TT>boykov_kolmogorov_max_flow</TT>
</H1>
<PRE><I>// named parameter version</I>
template &lt;class Graph, class P, class T, class R&gt;
typename property_traits&lt;typename property_map&lt;Graph, edge_capacity_t&gt;::const_type&gt;::value_type
boykov_kolmogorov_max_flow(Graph&amp; g,
   typename graph_traits&lt;Graph&gt;::vertex_descriptor src,
   typename graph_traits&lt;Graph&gt;::vertex_descriptor sink,
   const bgl_named_params&lt;P, T, R&gt;&amp; params = <I>all defaults</I>)

<I>// non-named parameter version</I>
template &lt;class Graph, class CapacityEdgeMap, class ResidualCapacityEdgeMap, class ReverseEdgeMap,
          class PredecessorMap, class ColorMap, class DistanceMap, class IndexMap&gt;
typename property_traits&lt;CapacityEdgeMap&gt;::value_type
boykov_kolmogorov_max_flow(Graph&amp; g,
       CapacityEdgeMap cap,
       ResidualCapacityEdgeMap res_cap,
       ReverseEdgeMap rev_map,
       PredecessorMap pre_map,
       ColorMap color,
       DistanceMap dist,
       IndexMap idx,
       typename graph_traits &lt;Graph&gt;::vertex_descriptor src,
       typename graph_traits &lt;Graph &gt;::vertex_descriptor sink)</PRE><P>
<FONT SIZE=3>Additional overloaded versions for non-named parameters
are provided (without DistanceMap/ColorMap/DistanceMap; for those
iterator_property_maps with the provided index map are used)</FONT></P>
<P>The <TT>boykov_kolmogorov_max_flow()</TT> function calculates the maximum
flow of a network. See Section <A HREF="graph_theory_review.html#sec:network-flow-algorithms">Network
Flow Algorithms</A> for a description of maximum flow. The calculated
maximum flow will be the return value of the function. The function
also calculates the flow values <I>f(u,v)</I> for all <I>(u,v)</I> in
<I>E</I>, which are returned in the form of the residual capacity
<I>r(u,v) = c(u,v) - f(u,v)</I>.
</P>
<P><B>Requirements:</B><BR>The directed graph <I>G=(V,E)</I> that
represents the network must include a reverse edge for every edge in
<I>E</I>. That is, the input graph should be <I>G<SUB>in</SUB> =
(V,{E U E<SUP>T</SUP>})</I>. The <TT>ReverseEdgeMap</TT> argument <TT>rev</TT>
must map each edge in the original graph to its reverse edge, that is
<I>(u,v) -&gt; (v,u)</I> for all <I>(u,v)</I> in <I>E</I>.
</P>

<P>Remarks: While the push-relabel method states that each edge in <I>E<SUP>T</SUP></I>
has to have capacity of 0, the reverse edges for this algorithm ARE
allowed to carry capacities. If there are already reverse edges in
the input Graph <I><FONT FACE="Courier New, monospace">G</FONT></I>,
those can be used. This can halve the amount of edges and will
noticeably increase the performance.</P>

<P>
<B>Algorithm description:</B><BR>The Boykov-Kolmogorov max-flow (or often
BK max-flow) algorithm is a variety of the augmenting-path algorithm. Standard
augmenting path algorithms find shortest paths from source to sink vertex and
augment them by subtracting the bottleneck capacity found on that path from the
residual capacities of each edge and adding it to the total flow. Additionally
the minimum capacity is added to the residual capacity of the reverse edges. If
no more paths in the residual-edge tree are found, the algorithm terminates.
Instead of finding a new shortest path from source to sink in the graph in each
iteration, the Boykov-Kolmogorov algorithm keeps the already found paths as
follows:</P>

<P>The algorithm builds up two search trees, a source-tree and a
sink-tree. Each vertex has a label (stored in <I>ColorMap</I>) to
which tree it belongs and a status-flag if this vertex is active or
passive. In the beginning of the algorithm only the source and the
sink are colored (source==black, sink==white) and have active status.
All other vertices are colored gray. The algorithm consists of three
phases:</P>
<P><I>grow-phase</I>: In this phase active vertices are allowed to
acquire neighbor vertices that are connected through an edge that has
a capacity-value greater than zero. Acquiring means that those vertices
become active and belong now to the search tree of the current
active vertex. If there are no more valid connections to neighbor
vertices, the current vertex becomes passive and the grow phase
continues with the next active vertex. The grow phase terminates if
there are no more active vertices left or a vertex discovers a vertex
from the other search tree through an unsaturated edge. In this case
a path from source to sink is found.</P>
<P><I>augment-phase</I>: This phase augments the path that was found
in the grow phase. First it finds the bottleneck capacity of the
found path, and then it updates the residual-capacity of the edges
from this path by subtracting the bottleneck capacity from the
residual capacity. Furthermore the residual capacity of the reverse
edges are updated by adding the bottleneck capacity. This phase can
destroy the built up search trees, as it creates at least one
saturated edge. That means, that the search trees collapse to
forests, because a condition for the search trees is, that each
vertex in them has a valid (=non-saturated) connection to a terminal.</P>
<P><I>adoption-phase</I>: Here the search trees are reconstructed. A
simple solution would be to mark all vertices coming after the first
orphan in the found path free vertices (gray). A more sophisticated
solution is to give those orphans new parents: The neighbor vertices
are checked if they have a valid connection to the same terminal like
this vertex had (a path with unsaturated edges). If there is one,
this vertex becomes the new parent of the current orphan and this
forest is re-included into the search tree. If no new valid parent is
found, this vertex becomes a free vertex (marked gray), and it's
children become orphans. The adoption phase terminates if there are
no more orphans.</P>
<P><IMG SRC="figs/bk_max_flow.gif" NAME="Grafik2" ALIGN=LEFT WIDTH=827 HEIGHT=311 BORDER=0><BR CLEAR=LEFT><B>Details:</B></P>
<UL>
	<LI><P>Marking heuristics: A timestamp is stored for each vertex
	which shows in which iteration of the algorithm the distance to the
	corresponding terminal was calculated.
	</P>
	<UL>
		<LI><P>This distance is used and gets calculated in the
		adoption-phase. In order to find a valid new parent for an orphan,
		the possible parent is checked for a connection to the terminal to
		which tree it belongs. If there is such a connection, the path is
		tagged with the current time-stamp, and the distance value. If
		another orphan has to find a parent and it comes across a vertex
		with a current timestamp, this information is used.</P>
		<LI><P>The distance is also used in the grow-phase. If a vertex
		comes across another vertex of the same tree while searching for
		new vertices, the other's distance is compared to its distance. If
		it is smaller, that other vertex becomes the new parent of the
		current. This can decrease the length of the search paths, and so
		amount of adoptions.</P>
	</UL>
	<LI><P>Ordering of orphans: As described above, the augment-phase
	and the adoption phase can create orphans. The orphans the
	augment-phase generates, are ordered according to their distance to
	the terminals (smallest first). This combined with the
	distance/timestamp heuristics results in the possibility for not
	having to recheck terminal-connections too often. New orphans which
	are generated in adoption phase are processed before orphans from
	the main queue for the same reason.</P>
</UL>
<P><BR><B>Implementation notes:</B></P>
<P>The algorithm is mainly implemented as described by Boykov and Kolmogorov in
[<a href="bibliography.html#boykov-kolmogorov04">69</a>]. An extended version
can be found in the PhD Thesis of Kolmogorov [<A HREF="bibliography.html#kolmogorov03">68</a>].
The following changes are made to improve performance:</P>
<UL>
	<LI>initialization: the algorithm first augments all paths from
	source-&gt;sink and all paths from source-&gt;VERTEX-&gt;sink. This
	improves especially graph-cuts used in image vision where nearly
	each vertex has a source and sink connect. During this step, all
	vertices that have an unsaturated connection from source are added
	to the active vertex list and so the source is not.</LI>
	<LI>active vertices: Boykov-Kolmogorov uses two lists for active nodes
	and states that new active vertices are added to the rear of the
	second. Fetching an active vertex is done from the beginning of the
	first list. If the first list is empty, it is exchanged by the
	second. This implementation uses just one list.</LI>
	<LI>grow-phase: In the grow phase the first vertex in the
	active-list is taken and all outgoing edges are checked if they are
	unsaturated. This decreases performance for graphs with high-edge
	density. This implementation stores the last accessed edge and
	continues with it, if the first vertex in the active-list is the
	same one as during the last grow-phase.</LI>
</UL>
<H3>Where Defined</H3>
<P><TT><A HREF="../../../boost/graph/boykov_kolmogorov_max_flow.hpp">boost/graph/boykov_kolmogorov_max_flow.hpp</A></TT>
</P>
<H3>Parameters</H3>
<P>IN: <TT>Graph&amp; g</TT>
</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>A directed graph. The graph's type must be a model of
<A HREF="VertexListGraph.html">Vertex List Graph</A>, <A HREF="EdgeListGraph.html">Edge
List Graph</A> and <A HREF="IncidenceGraph.html">Incidence Graph</A>.
For each edge <I>(u,v)</I> in the graph, the reverse edge <I>(v,u)</I>
must also be in the graph.  Performance of the algorithm will be slightly
improved if the graph type also models <a href="AdjacencyMatrix.html">Adjacency
Matrix</a>.
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>IN: <TT>vertex_descriptor src</TT>
</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>The source vertex for the flow network graph.
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>IN: <TT>vertex_descriptor sink</TT>
</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>The sink vertex for the flow network graph.
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<H3>Named Parameters</H3>
<P>IN: <TT>edge_capacity(EdgeCapacityMap cap)</TT>
</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>The edge capacity property map. The type must be a model
of a constant <A HREF="../../property_map/doc/LvaluePropertyMap.html">Lvalue
Property Map</A>. The key type of the map must be the graph's edge
descriptor type.<BR><B>Default:</B> <TT>get(edge_capacity, g)</TT>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>OUT: <TT>edge_residual_capacity(ResidualCapacityEdgeMap res)</TT>
</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>The edge residual capacity property map. The type must be
a model of a mutable <A HREF="../../property_map/doc/LvaluePropertyMap.html">Lvalue
Property Map</A>. The key type of the map must be the graph's edge
descriptor type.<BR><B>Default:</B> <TT>get(edge_residual_capacity,
g)</TT>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>IN: <TT>edge_reverse(ReverseEdgeMap rev)</TT>
</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>An edge property map that maps every edge <I>(u,v)</I> in
the graph to the reverse edge <I>(v,u)</I>. The map must be a model
of constant <A HREF="../../property_map/doc/LvaluePropertyMap.html">Lvalue
Property Map</A>. The key type of the map must be the graph's edge
descriptor type.<BR><B>Default:</B> <TT>get(edge_reverse, g)</TT>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>UTIL: <TT>vertex_predecessor(PredecessorMap pre_map)</TT>
</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>A vertex property map that stores the edge to the vertex'
predecessor. The map must be a model of mutable <A HREF="../../property_map/doc/LvaluePropertyMap.html">Lvalue
Property Map</A>. The key type of the map must be the graph's vertex
descriptor type.<BR><B>Default:</B> <TT>get(vertex_predecessor, g)</TT>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>OUT/UTIL: <TT>vertex_color(ColorMap color)</TT>
</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>A vertex property map that stores a color for edge
vertex. If the color of a vertex after running the algorithm is black
the vertex belongs to the source tree else it belongs to the
sink-tree (used for minimum cuts). The map must be a model of mutable
<A HREF="../../property_map/doc/LvaluePropertyMap.html">Lvalue Property
Map</A>. The key type of the map must be the graph's vertex
descriptor type.<BR><B>Default:</B> <TT>get(vertex_color, g)</TT>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>UTIL: <TT>vertex_distance(DistanceMap dist)</TT>
</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>A vertex property map that stores the distance to the
corresponding terminal. It's a utility-map for speeding up the
algorithm. The map must be a model of mutable <A HREF="../../property_map/doc/LvaluePropertyMap.html">Lvalue
Property Map</A>. The key type of the map must be the graph's vertex
descriptor type.<BR><B>Default:</B> <TT>get(vertex_distance, g)</TT>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>IN: <TT>vertex_index(VertexIndexMap index_map)</TT>
</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>Maps each vertex of the graph to a unique integer in the
range <TT>[0, num_vertices(g))</TT>. The map must be a model of
constant <A HREF="../../property_map/doc/LvaluePropertyMap.html">LvaluePropertyMap</A>.
The key type of the map must be the graph's vertex descriptor
type.<BR><B>Default:</B> <TT>get(vertex_index, g)</TT>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<H3>Example</H3>
<P>This reads an example maximum flow problem (a graph with edge
capacities) from a file in the DIMACS format (<TT><A HREF="../example/max_flow.dat">example/max_flow.dat</A></TT>).
The source for this example can be found in
<TT><A HREF="../example/boykov_kolmogorov-eg.cpp">example/boykov_kolmogorov-eg.cpp</A></TT>.
</P>
<PRE>#include &lt;boost/config.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;iostream&gt;
#include &lt;string&gt;
#include &lt;boost/graph/adjacency_list.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/graph/boykov_kolmogorov_max_flow.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/graph/read_dimacs.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/graph/graph_utility.hpp&gt;

int
main()
{
  using namespace boost;

  typedef adjacency_list_traits &lt; vecS, vecS, directedS &gt; Traits;
  typedef adjacency_list &lt; vecS, vecS, directedS,
    property &lt; vertex_name_t, std::string,
    property &lt; vertex_index_t, long,
    property &lt; vertex_color_t, boost::default_color_type,
    property &lt; vertex_distance_t, long,
    property &lt; vertex_predecessor_t, Traits::edge_descriptor &gt; &gt; &gt; &gt; &gt;,

    property &lt; edge_capacity_t, long,
    property &lt; edge_residual_capacity_t, long,
    property &lt; edge_reverse_t, Traits::edge_descriptor &gt; &gt; &gt; &gt; Graph;

  Graph g;
  property_map &lt; Graph, edge_capacity_t &gt;::type
      capacity = get(edge_capacity, g);
  property_map &lt; Graph, edge_residual_capacity_t &gt;::type
      residual_capacity = get(edge_residual_capacity, g);
  property_map &lt; Graph, edge_reverse_t &gt;::type rev = get(edge_reverse, g);
  Traits::vertex_descriptor s, t;
  read_dimacs_max_flow(g, capacity, rev, s, t);

  std::vector&lt;default_color_type&gt; color(num_vertices(g));
  std::vector&lt;long&gt; distance(num_vertices(g));
  long flow = boykov_kolmogorov_max_flow(g ,s, t);

  std::cout &lt;&lt; "c  The total flow:" &lt;&lt; std::endl;
  std::cout &lt;&lt; "s " &lt;&lt; flow &lt;&lt; std::endl &lt;&lt; std::endl;

  std::cout &lt;&lt; "c flow values:" &lt;&lt; std::endl;
  graph_traits &lt; Graph &gt;::vertex_iterator u_iter, u_end;
  graph_traits &lt; Graph &gt;::out_edge_iterator ei, e_end;
  for (boost::tie(u_iter, u_end) = vertices(g); u_iter != u_end; ++u_iter)
    for (boost::tie(ei, e_end) = out_edges(*u_iter, g); ei != e_end; ++ei)
      if (capacity[*ei] &gt; 0)
        std::cout &lt;&lt; "f " &lt;&lt; *u_iter &lt;&lt; " " &lt;&lt; target(*ei, g) &lt;&lt; " "
          &lt;&lt; (capacity[*ei] - residual_capacity[*ei]) &lt;&lt; std::endl;

  return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}</PRE><P>
The output is:
</P>
<PRE>c  The total flow:
s 13

c flow values:
f 0 6 3
f 0 1 0
f 0 2 10
f 1 5 1
f 1 0 0
f 1 3 0
f 2 4 4
f 2 3 6
f 2 0 0
f 3 7 5
f 3 2 0
f 3 1 1
f 4 5 4
f 4 6 0
f 5 4 0
f 5 7 5
f 6 7 3
f 6 4 0
f 7 6 0
f 7 5 0</PRE><H3>
See Also</H3>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0cm">
<TT><A HREF="edmonds_karp_max_flow.html">edmonds_karp_max_flow()</A></TT>,
<TT><A HREF="push_relabel_max_flow.html">push_relabel_max_flow()</A></TT>.
</P>
<HR>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=2 CELLSPACING=2>
	<TR VALIGN=TOP>
		<TD>
			<P>Copyright &copy; 2006</P>
		</TD>
		<TD>
			<P>Stephan Diederich, University
			Mannheim(<A HREF="mailto:diederich@ti.uni-manheim.de">diederich@ti.uni-manheim.de</A>)</P>
		</TD>
	</TR>
</TABLE>
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